Present perfect

We use the present perfect simple:

1- For actions happened at an unstated time in the past

2- for actions which started in the past and are still continuing in the present.

3- for actions which have recently finished and their results are visible in the present.

4- to talk about an experience.

FORMULA:

(+) SUBJECT + have/has + verb 3rd column (verbo en tercera columna)
(-) SUBJECT + haveN'T/hasN'T + verb 3rd column (verbo en tercera columna)
(?) have/has +SUBJECT + verb 3rd column (verbo en tercera columna)?

Time expresions used with the present perfect simple

for, since, just, already, yet, lately, recently, so far, ever, etc.

We use for to express duration. eg I have known Peter for eight years

We use since to state a starting point. She hasn't been to Europe since 1994.

We use just and already in affirmative sentences. She has already done her homework.

We use yet in questions and negations. Has Tom fixed the car yet? They haven't traveeled to Miami yet.

Have gone (to) - have been (to) (Present perfect of the verb go)

Jane and Paul have gone to Portugal (they went some time ago and they are still there)

I have been to London.( I havc visited London and have come back. I am not there now)

Let's practise !

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs (present perfect!).

1) I a new mobile phone. (just/buy)

2) a cat without a tail? (you/ever/see)

3)My sister sushi. (never/ eat)

4)We your new tape yet. (hear)

5)How many words for your language project? (you/write)

6)Sheila her breakfast yet. (Have)

7)What to the computer? (they/ do)

8)John and Alex in France for 20 years.(live)

9)Where my keys? ( I /leave)

10)Simon Pat's parents yet.(meet)

11) We her an e-mail. (just/ send)

12) Where is your mother?

She to the supermarket.(go)

13) Simon to South Africa once. He wants to go there again. (go)

Fill in the gaps with since or for.

1) I haven't been to Erika's house May.

2) Lucas has worked in the bank five years.

3)I have known him I was six.

4) It has rained more than three days.

5) They have been married 1999.

LINKERS TO ORGANIZE A WRITING

ESTRUCTURAR LA REDACCIÓN

a) Introducción

b) Primer párrafo
At first sight,	A primera vista
First,	En primer lugar
First of all,	Antes que nada
In the first place,	En primer lugar
To start with,	Para empezar

c) Segundo párrafo
In the second place,	En segundo lugar,
Second,	Segundo,
Secondly,	En segundo lugar,
Third,	Tercero,
Thirdly,	En tercer lugar,

d) Conclusión
Finally,	Por último,
In conclusion,	Para concluir,
Lastly,	Por último,
And eventually,	Y finalmente,

AÑADIR INFORMACIÓN
apart from	Aparte de
in addition	Además
in addition to	Además de
What’s more	Además; lo que es más
moreover	Además
on top of that	Además
besides	Además
On the one hand	Por una parte
On the other hand	Por otra parte
and eventually	Y finalmente

ESTABLECER UN CONTRASTE
all the same	a pesar de todo
however	sin embargo
instead of	en vez de
in spite of / despite	a pesar de
nevertheless	no obstante
on the contrary	por el contrario
whereas / while	mientras
though / although	aunque

EXPLICAR CAUSAS
because of + noun	a causa de + sustantivo
due to + noun	debido a + sustantivo
due to the fact that + sentence	debido a que + oración
for this / that reason	por esta / esa razón
owing to + noun	debido a + sustantivo
owing to the fact that + sentence	debido a que + oración

EXPLICAR RESULTADOS
as a result	como resultado
because of	a causa de
consequently	en consecuencia,
so	por lo tanto
that's why	por eso, por esa razón...
therefore	Por lo tanto

EXPRESAR ALGO DE OTRA MANERA
that is (to say)	es decir
in other words	en otras palabras
in short	en resumen

EXPRESAR HECHOS
actually	en realidad
as a matter of fact,	de hecho
in fact,	de hecho
really	en realidad

EXPRESAR UNA OPINIÓN PERSONAL
as far as I am concerned	por lo que a mí respecta
from my point of view	desde mi punto de vista
I agree	estoy de acuerdo
I disagree	no estoy de acuerdo
in my opinion	en mi opinión
in my view	según lo veo
I think that	creo que
it is true that	es verdad que
personally	personalmente
to be honest,	para ser honesto
to tell the truth,	a decir verdad

MODIFICAR LO QUE SE ESTÁ DICIENDO
above all	sobre todo
all in all	en general
at least	al menos
basically	básicamente, fundamentalmente
especially	especialmente, sobre todo
essentially	esencialmente
in general	en general
in particular	en particular
more or less	más o menos
on the whole	en general
to a certain extent	hasta cierto punto

PONER EJEMPLOS
, and so on.	, etcétera.
for example,	por ejemplo,
for instance,	por ejemplo,
such as	tal(es)como

RESUMIR LO QUE SE HA DICHO
all in all	en suma
in brief	en resumen
in conclusion	Para concluir
in short	en resumen
on the whole	en general
to sum up	Para resumir

SECUENCIAR LA NARRACIÓN;
after that	después de eso
all of a sudden	de repente
Finally	Finalmente
First of all	En primer lugar
in the end	al final
in the meantime	mientras tanto
meanwhile	mientras tanto
next	luego
suddenly	de repente
then	entonces, después
while	mientras